Father Junipero Serra
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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African American leaders responded to segregation by writing pamphlets and educating themselves. For example, Booker T. Washington believed that segregation will not last forever and that they should just put effort into vocational education.
Two USSC cases which dealt with affirmative action cases were Grutter v. Bollinger and Regents of the University of California v. Bakke. It was in these two cases that the Court dealt with the issue of affirmative action in university admissions. Both cases resulted in a very divided Court; even with 25 years between the two decisions. The effectiveness of affirmative action, if correctly addressed, had a place in the job force as well as education admissions. As the Court explained any affirmative action program that is "narrowly tailored", temporary and flexible did not place undue burdens on racial groups as a whole. States and schools have a compelling interest to ensure past racial considerations and minority diversity are prevalent in the process of hiring and educating. As far as the current and future needs of affirmative action I believe that, especially with the influx of diversity in our population, the need for programs has changed. We are not the country we were 50 years ago and continue to "blend" amongst ourselves in a way that creates no definite or absolute racial groups. During the last census, for example, almost half of the people in the United States when asked to check the appropriate box for their race marked more than one answer. Although racism is still prevalent in our country today with the current demographic trends we will surely see a downturn in the use of affirmative action programs in the future.
Chief citizen is one of six roles the President of the United States takes on immediately after assuming office. These roles are (1) chief of state, (2) chief executive, (3) chief administrator, (4) chief diplomat, (5) commander in chief, (6) chief legislator, (7) party chief, and (8) chief citizen.In the role of chief citizen, the president works for the people, not just for the government or people that elected them. The role requires that the president maintains a certain trust with the people, since it is his/her duty to work for the public interest. In addition, the president must place the nation's best interests above the interests of any one group or citizen. Some examples are educating citizens on important issues, leading by example, and concentrating on issues that affect American citizens.