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The initial treatment depended on the manner of annexation. Some areas were conquered as a result of wars fought against the Romans. In these cases tens of thousands of war captives were sold as slaves after victory in battle. In two cases (Carthage and Corinth) cites were destroyed. In two cases, kings (in western Turkey) who had been allies of Rome, bequeathed their kingdoms to Rome. In some cases the Romans set up client states by putting in charge rulers who supported them. In other cases the conquered areas went through periods of pacification; that is, the Romans had to fight counter-insurgency campaigns.

In the longer run, Roman rule was benign. The conquered peoples were free to follow their religions and customs and to continue to use their customary laws for local matters. Without this kind of policy, Rome would not have been able to rule such a vast empire with such a large range of different ethnicities, cultures and religions. The empire became a multicultural entity. Before all the peoples in the empire were granted Roman citizenship (and the rights which went with this), the conquered peoples already enjoyed the protections given by Roman law. Civil disputes between Roman citizens and non-citizens were adjudicated by an official whose rulings were based on the tenets of Roman law.

To promote cohesion the Romans promoted the diffusion of an imperial ideology. For some peoples Roman rule was advantageous because the Romans guaranteed Law and Order, built roads, aqueducts and carried out other infrastructure projects and their areas became integrated in the trading network of the empire. One example of this was Nabatea, which did not resit Roman occupation because it was going to be economically beneficial.

However, the Romans dealt with rebellion in a ruthless manner, as the case of Judea shows.

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