had less control over their environment.
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Democracy
The Phoenician alphabet was the inspiration for the Greek alphabet.
Depended on the form of government - monarchy, oligarchy, tyranny or democracy.
They united various Muslim factions, and encouraged Umayyad loyalists to come to Spain. ... They created a strong, unified Muslim kingdom with Cordoba as its capital.What was the basis for Cordoba's greatness under the Umayyads?