The patron of the city of Athens was the godess Athena (Αθηνά in greek).
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The connection between Athens and Athena is, Athena is the protector god of Athens. The King of Athens, Cecrops, needs a protector god over Athens. Athena was chosen because Athena grew an olive tree, the olive tree was fundamental to the Athenian economy.
While Poseidon was the protector of many Greek city-states, none were named for him directly.
Poseidon and Athena both wanted to be the protector god of the biggest Greek city. The king decided that the winner would be the one who gave the greatest gift to the city. Poseidon created a well on top of the Acropolis. Athena planted an olive tree. The people liked the olive better, Athena was the winner and the city was named Athens after her.
The Parthenon in Athens, Greece was under construction from 447 BC to 432 BC. The Parthenon was created to honor the Greek goddess Athena, whom was called the protector of the city. Though the Parthenon is considered a temple, it was never meant to be used as a religious spot; there was no cult activity there. Instead, it is believed that the Parthenon was used as a sort of treasury.