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A governor of a province. For example Ancient Egypt had 42 nomarchs for all their provinces, which are called nomes. That's why governors are called nomarchs.
In ancient Egypt, the Pharaoh, or king, had absolute power and was even considered a god. Since he couldn't look over all of Egypt by himself, he appointed viziers to help him look over the country and collect taxes. He also divided the country into nomes and appointed nomarchs to govern the small nomes. However, the Pharaoh had absolute control over Egypt and appointed government officials himself.
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There were at least eight different books of law in Ancient Egypt. The laws were based on right and wrong - heavily utilizing common sense to help decide moral values. Everyone except slaves were viewed as equals and were tried thusly, although if a person was sentenced, his family usually suffered the guilt of the crime as well.