The rule of the few is called Oligarchy. However, this does not necessarily mean rule by the rich, which is Plutocracy.
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ATHENS
Pericles ruled during the golden age of Athens
They were ruled by one powerful individual
Ancient Greece was made up of a lot of small city states, which were each ruled by their own individual ruler. There was no ruler of all of Ancient Greece until the time of Phillip II, Alexander the Great's father, who united all of Greece and Macedonia.
Ancient Greece was made up of many city-states that formed a nation, but Rome was an empire, they conquered most of Europe, while the ancient Greeks remained in their city states. The roman worldview was more about military training, discipline and order. Romans fought in legions, groups of people who worked together and fought together in the battle. Most Greek's city-states (less Sparta), didn't have a worldview that had so much to do with war as the Romans had. The Greeks cared more about art, architecture, science, philosophy, etc. The Roman were ruled by a monarch by some time, then they ruled themselves as a republic and finally when they started making their empire, they were ruled by a emperor, who had most of the power, but had to work with the senate. The Greeks didn't have any of that, each city-state ruled itself by its own way. For example Sparta used monarchy, but Athens ruled themselves by democracy they had 10 Strategos (Greek term), who were like the rulers, but Athens had like a council where each citizen could express himself and give ideas, vote, etc. They ruled themselves, but in times of war the Strategos would take decisions.