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During the New Kingdom, Egypt created an empire and became the most powerful state in Southwest Asia.
Athens
Athens provided the biggest contingent in the Greek fleet. Egypt provided the largest contingent in the Persian fleet.
They were polar opposites, Athens being a scholarly, open empire, with Sparta being a military state that detested change. Sparta had a powerful army, Athens had a powerful navy. Both were also ambitious and wanted to expand their reaches of influence. They were bound to bump heads a few times.
After the Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602-28 Syria became again a province of the Byzantine Empire. During the Muslim conquests of 634-718 Syria is conquered and became a caliphate (Islamic state) in the Middle East.