At its peak power the Roman Empire was the same type of society it had always been. It was a classed based society.
Poland ceased to exist, the Holy Roman Empire declined because of the thirty years war, and Sweden (not 100% sure, is this central Europe?) Also, the Ottoman Empire experienced a great decline as the "sick man" of Europe.
After the fall of the Roman empire the civilization of Europe declined for the most part. The fine dining and the elaborate recipes were forgotten as the ingredients for many of the dishes were impossible to get.
Roman empire
I'm not sure if you can even call Ancient Rome's society violent.....
philosophers Muslim scholars
Historians have been studying the knowledge of Roman society for centuries. During the Renaissance the humanists, particularly the Italian humanists, studied this.
Europe entered the Dark Age. Fortunately Islamic scholars kept much of the knowledge taken up in the Renaissance.
philosophers Muslim scholars
aurangzeb
476 bce ;)
the empire of camarines sur. that ala'den mal'akdem founded.
religion
Christianity .
The most famous early historian on the subject is Edward Gibbon who lived in the 18th century and who wrote the still-famous History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.
400 - 1400, during the era when the Roman Empire declined, the Byzantine Empire flourished, and Islam was founded.
the empire declined because of disease and natural disasters.