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They permanently turned the tables.

The crusades followed 400 years of Islamic conquest, in which 2/3 of the traditional Christian territories were taken over by Muslim rulers. The Christians were terrified, and the Muslims were confident of taking over the whole of Christendom eventually.

In the 200 years of crusading, the Christians won some of the battles. They realised that it was not inevitable that Islam would take over the world, and they had a decent chance of driving back the aggressor. The Muslims also became somewhat frightened of the Christians, as they realised that their victory was not certain.

By the time the crusades ended, there was a mutual bitterness between the two faiths. Each side exaggerated the cruelties inflicted by the other and taught their children that the other group was murderous, dangerous, untrustworthy, etc.

The events of the next 800 years did little to allay anyone's suspicions. The Spaniards finally drove the Muslims out of Spain by about 1500, by which time the Muslims had lived there so long that they felt it was their home and that the Spanish bloodbath was completely unjustified. The Muslims made further efforts to conquer parts of Europe; although they were unsuccessful, the Europeans inferred they had a permanent conquest agenda.

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