Oversimplified, the major unifying force of Europe during the middle ages was universal Christianity (both Roman Catholic and Orthodox) providing an us-vs-them mentality in oppostion to their Islamic foes in the Ottoman Empire, the caliphates (abbasid, fatimid, etc.), the Emirate of Cordoba, and Al-Andulas.
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The main factors are centered around the crisis that Europe experienced. This was the Black Death. Additionally, the development of trade increased. The urban of cities of Northern Italy allowed for the Renaissance to emerge. Furthermore, the idea of individualism and the power and stress over excellence and competition resulted in the development and the spread of the Renaissance.
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Europe and France
Mercantile was the primary occupation along with farming during the the Middle Ages.