The English longbow was extremely powerful and had a 200 pound pull. It was as powerful as most crossbows, but an archer with a longbow could fire many more arrows in a given time than a crossbowman could.
The thing that made the English longbow unusual on the field was not that it was in any way new, but that only English archers could shoot it. The training took years, so English archers had to train constantly, and this meant large numbers of serfs had to be armed constantly. This was something English monarchs felt they could allow, but continental monarchs were not willing to try.
But the result of the widespread use and training, was that the English could field an army, quickly and easily, which had weapons capable of cutting right through armor at a very long distance, killing armored knights. English archers were capable of destroying formations of charging knights, killing and wounding large numbers of them, with very little loss of their own. This happened at a number of battles in the Hundred Years' War.
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The longbow was a superior weapon, capable of putting an arrow through most armor, killing or wounding a knight. Such bows are difficult to use because they require enormous strength. For that reason, serfs in medieval England were required to own and carry bows and practice with them regularly.
The long bow is not a medieval invention. Longbows have existed since before the dawn of history. The thing the English and Welsh had in the middle ages was a large number of people who could use them. In other nations, the kings and nobility were too suspicious of the peasants to allow them to go armed all the time.
A trained longbowman could fire arrows faster, and over a longer range than most crossbows could reach. They were also easier to make and maintain.
The English longbow was the first weapon that could penetrate armour from a distance. It was disastrous for knights on horseback.
The English Longbow is made of English Yew (Yew) and Hickory or Sapwood for the backing.
A butt shaft was a blunt-pointed arrow without barbs.
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