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Why were peasants in Europe dependent upon nobles?
Were everyone peasants, there would be no peasants.
What is subinfeudation?
The feudal system was based on permanent heritable land grants in exchange for services. At its origin these services were military services, so the crown (the ultimate landowner) granted large tracts of land to nobles and in exchange the nobles pledged to provide so many knights or footsoldiers in case of war. Those great nobles could grant part of that land to lesser nobles in exchange for a promise of lesser military support, and these in turn made smaller grants until at some point there was a grant to a person (called the freeholder) who actually farmed or lived on the land, and had to provide simple services such as a certain number of days' labour or a certain quantity of grain. These lesser relationships between one who granted land and one who provided services, nested within each other like Russian dolls, were called subinfeudation.
Why were the nobles important?
they were called patricians
What was the role of a noble during the dark ages?
The noble was a man who kept the estates and manors for a king. He got these in return for his loyalty to the king. Since Europe was a patchwork of holdings this was very important for the king and the noble. The noble pledged his men to fight for the king when needed. Many nobles were also knights and in war they fought as a knight. To be a knight was very expensive. A suit of armor, in today's standards, would cost the same as a 5 bedroom house today. They also had a horse that was trained for battle and not just for riding around on. The noble's role was to serve the king, provide protection to the king, pay taxes from his estates, and to provide food to the king.
What is the origin of the phrase 'to turn in' in the context of 'to go to bed?
Turn in "go to bed" is attested from 1695, originally nautical.
