It may seem that, due to the way the Vietnam War is portrayed, France only entered Vietnam in the 1940s. In reality, she had held Vietnam at least since 1887. There isn't really a definite date. Essentially, she took Vietnam for the same reason other nations were taking colonies and building empires in the 1800s and earlier - it gave her more power, provided her with more raw materials, and helped her economically. Besides Vietnam, France also held Laos and Cambodia - she named this little patch of her Empire 'Indochina'.
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Vietnam became a French colony in the 1880s. But in 1954, the Vietnamese won their independence. They agreed with the French to split the country into North and South Vietnam. While the North was governed by communists, the South was governed by non-communists.
France invaded Vietnam in 1858 and completed its conquest of Southern Vietnam in 1867 which became the French colony of Cochinchina. However, Northern and Central Vietnam were still untouched. France began to move into Northern Vietnam in 1873 and finally established control over the area along with Central Vietnam in 1885 when the Vietnamese Nguyen Dynasty surrendered. In 1885, France occupied the whole Vietnam and divided the country into 3 regions: Northern and Central were French protectorates, but Southern Vietnam was a colony proper.
Begining in 1954, following their defeat at Dien Bien Phu with all French forces to be out of the country by April of 1956.
In 1954, after suffering a large defeat at Dien Bien Phu, the French decided to pull out of Vietnam. The United States stayed in Vietnam another 20 years.
The French were involved with Vietnam from 1887-1954. The actual French Indochina War was 1946-1954.
The term probably applies, during their entrance in the 1860s. The term probably wouldn't apply when they tried to return in 1945 (at the end of WWII).
Vietnam
The French had fought there from 1946 to 1954; 1st Indochina War or French Indochina War.
The French were defeated in the Dien Bien Phu battle in 1954. They were driven out then.
The defeat at Dien Bien Phu led the French military to surrender their positions in Vietnam. The French left Vietnam, leaving the United States at the forefront of the conflict.
The Vietminh victory caused the French to withdraw from Vietnam.