They were called the Viet Cong. This is actually short for "Viet Nam Cong San".
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Viet Cong, or VC, or Charlies (from Victor Charlie), or the guys in black pajamas, and probably other names which do not bear repetition in polite company.
Viet Cong (VC); over the radio "Victor Charley", during normal conversation in the field amongst GIs just "Charley."
The Viet Cong (VC) were Communist sympathizers living in SOUTH Vietnam. Very organized, wearing what-ever uniforms and using what-ever weapons they could get their hands on; and fighting primarily as organized guerillas against the Government of South Vietnam. The VC were pretty well destroyed as a fighting force during the TET offensive of 1968; and the war fairly well shifted to the NVA (North Vietnamese Army), after 1968.
To prevent the communist take over of the NON-communist Republic of South Vietnam, by Communist NORTH Vietnam.
Preventing Communist North Vietnam from taking over the Free Non communist country of South Vietnam.
When the Vietnam War ended in 1975, North and South Vietnam became one communist nation called Vietnam.
Communist NORTH Vietnam wanted to re-unite with it's SOUTHERN half; SOUTH Vietnam. The US backed South Vietnam desired to remain a non-communist Republic of South Vietnam. Because the "Communists" were involved, and this was the cold war era; the US had to stop & contain communism. The North attacked the South, the South resisted...Vietnam War.