congress declared that it had no power to abolish the slave trade between existing slave states
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It allowed California to join the USA as free soil. But to get this law passed, Congress had to make a big show of appeasing the South by enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act, which was enormously unpopular in the North, arousing new interest in Abolitionism.
Under the provisions of the Missouri Compromise, Maine was the state that entered the Union with Missouri.
The balance was maintained by the admission of the Massachusetts colony of Maine as a separate free state at about the same time that Missouri was admitted as a slave state.
They did - the Missouri Compromise. This lasted thirty years, and was only rendered impractical by the admission of California, a state that extended so far on either side of the Missouri line that both sides claimed it. If only California could have been admitted as two separate states - North and South - there needn't have been a Civil War. The Missouri Compromise was very sensible, and deserved to last.
Northern Gains: California was admitted a free state, slave TRADE was abolished in the District of Columbia (Washington D.C.)Southern Gains: There were no restrictions on slavery in Mexico, SLAVERY itself was not abolished in the District of Columbia, the fugitive slave law (capturing runaways) became stronger.