Ages 19 through 26 were the largest groups of men netted by the government.
One must remember boot camp was tough in the 1960s. The training cadre (senior NCOs and Majors and above) were WWII veterans. Those WWII vets didn't play games! (They definitely were not politically correct!). Ages 19-26 were pretty healthly age groups to withstand boot camps back then.
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No military draft (we now have an all volunteer military) and the adult age for US Citizens is 18...instead of age 21. Over 20,000 young men that died in Vietnam were not legal adults.
New adult age (18 from 21), all volunteer military; and many of today's politicians (political leaders) are the draft resisters/protesters of yesterday.
The average age of soldiers taken through the draft was 19, at least according to the song.
Both generals Westmoreland & Abrams, commanders in Vietnam, were age 52 in 1966; both fought against the Germans in WWII. The oldest US serviceman to die in Vietnam was age 62, the youngest man, which is disputed (some say he was younger) was age 16.
The United States periodically institutes a draft when the government has declared war and the number of volunteers is insufficient to accomplish its war goals. The US had fought several wars without enacting a draft at all, such as the current wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. The most recent war during which conscription was used was the Vietnam War. All men are required to register for the draft at age 18, in case war is declared in the future.