Russians used tri-pod mounted machineguns (quite successfully) against the Japanese during the Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905.
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A Lewis gun was an early type of machine gun used in WW1.
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The .45 Thompson sub-machine gun and M3 sub machine gun (grease gun) were used in WW2, Korea, and Vietnam War. A sub-machine gun is called a SUB machine gun because it uses "pistol" ammunition. The M3 sub-machinegun looked exactly like a grease gun; hence the name.
Not necessarily. Before the machine gun came about, long range rifles were used. The Maxim gun, the first machine gun, was used for shorter range. Even in today's warfare, machine guns are not primarily used for ranged kills. When in doubt, (I can't believe I'm saying this) consult COD. Did Captain/Lieutenant Price assassinate Zachaev using an AK-47, or a Barrett M-82? :DDD
French aviator Roland Garros attached a machine gun behind the propeller, as well as deflecting plates.