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Well the event which ended the Cold War was the dissolution of the Soviet Union. When the Eastern Bloc nations began to allow free passage to the west and their governments fell, it was a domino effect and by 1992, the Cold War was over.

As to what factors caused this, they are many. For one, the Communist system simply does not work as was evidenced by the inability of the system to endure hardship and change. Additionally, the USSR overspent itself on supplying arms to Communist movements all over the world as well as its decade-long invasion of Afghanistan. Additionally, they had to compete with the U.S. defense buildup in the 1980's by President Reagan.

Finally, individuals like the Pope and Reagan appealed directly to the people that they didn't have to live in a totalitarian system. It was the people who wanted change and they brought down the system, ultimately.

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