Basically, most colleges adopted a more liberal arts and science based curricula and let go of the religious based curricula of the nineteenth century. Hence, the birth of a more balanced, enlightened course of study. A good case in point would be Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain's efforts at Bowdin College in Maine.
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The average price of gold in the year 1850 was $18.93 per ounce. In 1859, the price was the same. It did not change much until after the turn of the 20th century.
A term that describes racial segregation at the turn of the century is hypersegregation. This type of segregation involved medical care, education, employments, and transportation.
The home life.
The growth in immigrants coming to the USA.
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