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Only skilled workers
The American Federation of Labor used a 'closed shop' trade agreement that literally make it mandatory for workers to join the union. The union also was able to use boycotts and strikes to its advantage, because of a substantial material reserve that could see its members through a work stoppage.
In 1862, Congress passed a law to allow African Americans to join the Union Army.
reduced worker's desire to join unions-APEX
Women served in the military and other minorities were allowed in combat until the last year of the war.