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Only skilled workers.
The American Federation of Labor used a 'closed shop' trade agreement that literally make it mandatory for workers to join the union. The union also was able to use boycotts and strikes to its advantage, because of a substantial material reserve that could see its members through a work stoppage.
African Americans could not join until after the Emancipation Proclamation.
reduced worker's desire to join unions-APEX
They did not want to have slavery in the western parts of Virginia, so these western counties broke off to form another state so they could let Virginia join the confederacy and they join the Union