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A distinction must be made between the fans carried today by both sexes and even small children in modern "powwows" and dance competitions and those carried historically by a very few people, mainly in the Plains culture.

Modern fans are simply part of the regalia used to emphasise native American identity as part of the Pan-Indian movement - like east coast and woodlands tribes wearing Sioux-style warbonnets which their historic ancestors never wore.

Historically, eagle wing fans were a mark of rank and distinction, normally only carried by very important men and not by women or children. Some of these fans were used in ceremonies for fanning the sacred smoke from sweetgrass or other material - women would not have been involved in conducting such rituals.

The feathers used in historic fans were almost always the entire wing of a golden eagle, with each feather decorated with quillwork and with a handle attached and wrapped with red cloth or deer hide decorated with beads, tin cone jingles and dyed fluffs. Modern versions are often made with fake eagle feathers or feathers from other large birds - and they are gaudily decorated in a modern taste.

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