They were convicted of passing atomic secrets to the U.S.S.R.
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the case against julius and ethel rosenberg was based largely on the word of one confessed spy.
The Rosenberg prosecution was the lynchpin of the anti-Communist hysteria of that Era. The idea that American Communists (and their fellow-travelers) were part of a vast left wing conspiracy whose primary loyalty was to the Soviet Union was a central plank of the 1950s McCarthyism Red Scare and the purging of liberals of all types from government and private industry.
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were accused of spying for the Soviets and specifically for passing atomic secrets to the USSR during the Cold War. They were tried and convicted in 1951 for conspiracy to commit espionage, and unlike others convicted of similar crimes, they were given the death penalty. They were executed by electrocution on June 19, 1953. The Rosenbergs were the only two US civilians executed for espionage during the Cold War (1945 to 1991).
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage, in that they passed atomic secrets to the USSR. They were convicted in 1951 and executed in 1953. (see related link)
The answer to this depends on whether you're a Soviet or an American. If you were a Soviet the Rosenbergs were heroes; the information they supplied helped the Soviets build atomic bombs of their own. If you were an American? Uhh...well, maybe they loved puppies and small children.