Thomas McKean
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In order: 1775 - set up the Continental Army 1776 - issued a Declaration of Independence 1781 - wrote the instrument of government with the Articles of Confederation
The thirteen colonies gained independence when the Declaration of Independence was announced. Not when it was signed because it was signed a while after the colonies had declared independence and were now fighting in a war for it.
The United States gained its Independence on July 4, 1776.
The Continental Congress declared US freedom from Britain with the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. It was recognized by the Treaty of Paris on September 3, 1783 (ratified in 1784 and agreements exchanged on May 12, 1784).
Yes, 13 states, which was all of the states at the time, had to approve the Articles of Confederation. The articles were ratified on March 1, 1781.