Almost certainly it was Peter the Great; he was the first great westward-looking tsar, defeated the Swedes (a fairly major power at the time led by a military genius of sorts) on the shore of the Baltic and founded St. Petersburg as his European capital.
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Russia as they were dealing with the Bolshevik Revolution
England, Poland, and Russia stayed out of the 30 years war. They didn't have a dog in that fight.
Only the second wave was motivated by a need for natural resources for industrialization.
The United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, and France were the major ones.
The North American Free Trade Area and the European Union.