During the early decades of the Australian goldrushes, the largest number of diggers came from China.
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The oath of the diggers was a saying that was impromptu upon the raising of the flag at Eureka, California during the gold mining days in 1854. The significance of this is that the flag raising itself cost most of the men their lives in the uprising that followed by men who were trying to take over the mine.
India/Pakistan were the richest country till 1800s before brithishers came and conquered the country for it's rich minirals such as gold and platinum. India also was the only source of diamonds until 1700s
Possibly, it was because they came to California in 1849 during the gold rush. Golden mountain? California's official motto (or slogan) is the "Golden State."
To build railroads
Thousands of people rushed west in 1849 because that was early in the California Gold Rush. In 1848, James W. Marshall discovered gold at Sutter's Mill in California. The people seeking gold were nicknamed 'forty-niners,' in reference to the year.