Confederation happened because political deadlock from Canada East and Canada West lead to political deadlock, leading to the Great Coalition, which was in favour of Federal Union. A railway was needed to connect the colonies, trade, and send troops faster. Threats of Americans invading British North America caused the colonies to want to unite and become stronger. People wanted to settle Rupert's land and the Northwest Territories. America cut off the Reciprocity Treaty, therefore making it expensive to trade with them and so Canada began to trade among themselves without paying taxes. Great Britain wanted her colonies to be more self-sufficient and have them do things by themselves.
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Newfoundland joined confederation on the 31 March 1949 as the tenth Canadian province.
A.J Smith was one of the founding father in the confederation of Canada
At confederation there were four provinces. As time progressed more provinces and territorities became parts of Canada, some territorities became provinces and part of Canada was annexed by the United States. For more details you might consider reading the wikipedia article about Canada.
July 1, 1867. Or now commonly known as Canada day.
The colonies where separated send depended on England Canada became a country in July1,1867.