The most significant event that happened in 1851 in Australia was the beginning of the Goldrush, which then spanned many decades. Gild was first found in Ophir, near Bathurst, New South Wales, by Edward Hargraves (with much help from the uncredited John Lister). Within just a few months, the rich goldfields of Victoria were also discovered, bringing new weakth to the colony of Victoria, which had separated from New South Wales little more an a month earlier.
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1770 was the year in which James Cook sailed up the eastern coast, becoming the first European to chart the area. Prior to Cook, all reports on the Australian continent had been negative, coming as they did from Dutch explorers and one Englishman, William Dampier, who had explored parts of the western coast, which is much drier than the east. Cook saw the potential of the fertile eastern coast, and recommended the continent for colonisation by England.
The Sydney Stock Exchange was founded in 1871.
But a lot of other notable things happened in Australia in 1871. See WebsterWorld for more information.
In 1790, the Second Fleet of convicts from England arrived in New South Wales. The colony was already facing starvation, and the second fleet added pressure to the situation.
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The main reason why the Chinese settled in Australia was because of the goldrushes. Huge numbers of Chinese arrived in Australia during the 1850s, through to the 1880s. The Chinese were hard-working folk, and those who did not make their fortune on the goldfields often chose to establish businesses in the towns, opting to stay on when their countrymen returned to China.
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On 1 January 1901, federation of the Australian colonies was achieved and the Commonwealth of Australia was proclaimed. Australia's first Governor-General, John Hope, made the proclamation at Centennial Park in Sydney.
During the 1850's there were only three cities in the world with over one million citizens. These cities were London, Tokyo, and Beijing. This being said, twelve of the largest cities, by population, in 1850 were London, Beijing, Paris, Guangzhou, Istanbul, Hangzhou, New York, Mumbai, Tokyo, Suzhou, Saint Petersburg, and Berlin.