the Gupta numerals developed from the Brahmi numerals and were spread over large areas by the Gupta empire as they conquered territory. Beginning around 7th century, the Gupta numerals developed into the Nagari numerals.
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They were invented in India and brought to Europe by Arabs.
Use of a new calendar system
.
The Islamic Empire, they also invented checks. _____ The previous answer is not true. By the time of Hammurabi's Code, dating to around 1760 BCE, banking was well enough developed to justify laws governing banking operations. This predates the Islamic empire by almost 2400 years.
The Romans.