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Various private organizations had the initial control of the colonies. Each of those colonies was granted its charter by the British Crown. In some cases the British had 'taken over' colonies from the Dutch.
Gibbons v. Ogden
From what I've learned, the Canadians wrote to the English asking for their independence, and England granted it to them.
Nothing. at the time of the war the English were untested in spreading their authority as far and as wide as they could. The Americas were a source of income for them and they felt that they had the power to keep it.
At the time of the American Revolutionary War, the 13 original British/American colonies were fairly prosperous. The American colonies had provided Great Britain with a strong foothold in North America below its possession of British Canada. The American colonies, if not overtaxed and basically taken for granted by Great Britain, might have made the British Empire even stronger than it already was. There is nothing that would have prevented Great Britain from remaining to this day the most powerful nation in the world. This is of course subject to debate.