The Governor of the state the Senator represents is required to issue a writ of election. However the Governor may nominate a temporary replacement if the state legislature authorizes him to do so, the replacement may stay in office as long as the state legislature authorizes or until the next general election.
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When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of each State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.
This is covered by the 17th amendment to the U.S. Constitution which says in part
When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.
That is, if a senator dies, then the state governor must see to it that an election for a new senator is held. Most states have passed laws allowing the governor to appoint a person to serve as senator until the election.
Typically, the governor assigns a temporary Senator to cover the position until the next election. Usually appointed by governor of the state, but it depends on the state.
A special election can be held or the governor can appoint someone to the office. They serve what is left of the term.
A naturalized citizen can be a US Senator, although not the US President.
A US Senator must be at least 30, a US Representative at least 26 years old.
The elected president must resign his position in the senate causing a vacancy as occurs if a senator dies in office or resigns for any reason. What happens next depends upon the state legislature of the affected state. According to the 17th Amendment the state legislature can direct the governor to appoint someone to temporarily serve as senator until an election can be held or else leave the office open until an election can be held. The exact timing of the election is left to the legislature.
Stephen A. Douglas, US senator from Illinois was their candidate in 1860.