Equal Justice Under Law
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The phrase "For imposing taxes on us without our consent:"This is from the now famous taxation without representation cry.
The phrase "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" does not come from the Preamble to the Constitution. This phrase is actually from the Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776. The Preamble to the Constitution begins with the famous words, "We the People," and outlines the goals and purposes of the Constitution, such as establishing justice, ensuring domestic tranquility, providing for the common defense, promoting the general welfare, and securing the blessings of liberty.
The term "court of last resort" generally refers to the Supreme Court (in the USA) or the highest court in the land (in other countries). This nickname applies because you cannot appeal any higher than the Supreme Court. It's literally your last resort - your last option for having the outcome of your case changed. If the Supreme Court turns down your appeal or decides against you, there is no higher court to which you can appeal.
adverb phrase
"During his presidency" is an adverbial phrase, because it concerns the time of doing something.Adverb because it states when.It is an adverb phrase, answering the question "when."