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"A confrontation in which the policymakers of one state ('defender') threaten the use of force against another state ('potential attacker') in an attempt to prevent that state from using military force against an ally - or territory controlled by an ally ('protégé') - of the defender" (p. 424).
i think it was the catholics? not sure though
The US refused to pay the Barbary pirates and formed an armed force to fight them.
An enslaved person is a slave. Furthermore, to my knowledge at least, an enslaved person is a person who has been forced into slavery against their individual will by some external deliberate force.
A force of Colonial Militia faced of against a larger force of British regular troops at Charlestown Massachusetts. The Colonial militia used fortifications against the oncoming British assault. A commander of the Colonial force order his troops not to fire until the British regulars came in considerable distance from their lines. The order was known as "don't fire until you see the whites in their eyes". Because of firearms at the time and fewer resources of the colonials, the intent of this order was to not waste ammunition and ensure accuracy. The British force, although suffering over 1000 casualties, managed to take the position and thus win a costly victory.