A Senator represents an entire state, a Representative (or Congressman/Congresswoman) represents a disctrict within a state. Senators are also considered Congressmen and Congresswomen but they are adressed as Senators. Each state has two Senators but have multiple Represenatives based on the population of the state.
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A State Senator is a member of the state senate, the legislative branch of state government. A state Governor is the state chief executive officer, the state equivalent of the executive branch.
The President pro tempore
The Council of State in North Carolina is a group of elected officers, such as the State Treasurer and Secretary of State. The Cabinet is different in that its members are appointed by the Governor, not elected.
The Governor of the state the Senator represents is required to issue a writ of election. However the Governor may nominate a temporary replacement if the state legislature authorizes him to do so, the replacement may stay in office as long as the state legislature authorizes or until the next general election.
In the United States, a person must be at least 35 to be President or Vice President, 30 to be a Senator, or 25 to be a Representative, as specified in the US Constitution. Most states in the U.S. also have age requirements for the offices of Governor, State Senator, and State Representative.
The elected president must resign his position in the senate causing a vacancy as occurs if a senator dies in office or resigns for any reason. What happens next depends upon the state legislature of the affected state. According to the 17th Amendment the state legislature can direct the governor to appoint someone to temporarily serve as senator until an election can be held or else leave the office open until an election can be held. The exact timing of the election is left to the legislature.