The party platform is the official stance of a party, although individual politicians may have different opinions.
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The Republican party. Before the republican party existed the Whig party, which shortly withered away when slavery was first introduced, it could not stand against the Democratic Party. Thus giving birth to the Republican Party.
In a representative form of government, most nations have political parties. Thus, in a General election (that is, the election to chose the government representative), a political party puts forth a member of their party to contest in the election. A political party needs some method for choosing the party member to stand in the General election, and this is what we use Primary elections for.
The "Tory Party" is a nickname for the Conservative Party, and dates back to before political parties, when conservative members of Parliament were known as the "Tories". The Labour Party is the left wing party, who stand for the working class and believe in more government spending on health, education, infrastructure and benefits, as well as regulation in the economy. The Conservative Party is the right wing party, who stand for the middle class and believe in less government intervention, a free economy, lower taxes and maintaining traditional institutions and values of the United Kingdom.
GOP stands for "Grand Old Party," which is a nickname for the Republican Party in the United States. The term dates back to the 1870s and was originally used to refer to the party's long history and traditional values. The GOP is one of the two major political parties in the US, alongside the Democratic Party.