There isn't officially an order of seniority in the UK Cabinet but obviously the post of Prime Minister is supreme and Chancellor of the Exchequer is seen as the second highest post. The Foreign and Home Secretaries complete the four Great Offices of State which are seen as the most senior. Other highly considered positions are Defence, Health, Business, Justice, Schools and Leader of the House of Commons.
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The UK government, or parliament, makes such decisions.
By when the department was formed. (i.e. State - Homeland Security) By when the department was formed. (i.e. State - Homeland Security)
The Speaker of the House, followed by the President Pro Temp. of the Senate, followed by the heads of the various cabinet members in the order of their post's seniority. This is laid out in Amendment number 25.
Seniority refers to a giving privileges to people who have held a particular position for a longer period of time than others. An example of the seniority rule would be in government and Congress.
The Chief Justice speaks first because he (or she) presides over the Court. The other justices traditionally speak in order of seniority, or time on the Court.