Cardiff Castle was built by Robert Fitzhamon, lord of Gloucester, who had conquered Glamorgan.
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Nottingham Castle was built on "Castle Rock" in 1067 on the orders of William the Conqueror. The castle was subsequently remodeled in 1678 by William Cavendish, then the Duke of Newcastle.
Wales' oldest lived in castle is Penhow Castle. Built by Sir William St Maur in the early 13th century source Trivia http://www.castles-of-britain.com/castle85.htm possibly whittington castle (actually now in shropshire, england) is amongst the oldest castles (approx 2 miles east of oswestry). it pre-dates 1221, which a number of castles seem to refer to this same year for stone build. though a 'castle' as been at this site since the early 9th century.
1245
Kenilworth castle was biult in 1122ad by Geoffrey de Clinton. I'm doing a project on Kenilworth Castle.
the merchants built settlements outside of the castle is because they could catch oncoming travelers and make more of a profit