In addition to the Congress and the President, it is important to realize that the departments of the Executive Branch are lobbied. Cabinet Departments and various government agencies are responsible for "faithfully executing" the laws. Often, the interpretation of these agencies won't change until their is a court case asking for a judicial interpretation of a law. Additionally, both the Judicial Branch and the general populous are lobbied when it comes to proposed laws. You will often see television commercials, hear radio ads, or receive emails from special interest groups trying to mobilize you to contact members of Congress to voice your opinion. The judicial branch is lobbied directly by amicus curiae, or friend of the court briefs from parties interested in a specific case.
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Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.
The President submits a proposed budget to Congress each February. Then each House of Congress has committees and subcommittees that work out appropriations and revenues. Revenue legislation must originate in the House of Representatives, as stated in The Constitution. See budget.house.gov for information on the process.
He doesn't work in the white house. Congress tries to separate them so if there is an assassination only one of them gets it.
The president sends the name of a candidate for the Supreme Court to congress and they decide if he / she gets the job. With an ambassador he doesn't need approval to appoint someone to the post.
The US President can certainly make a draft of a law he would like to see the Congress to pass. A quick example is this: the president wants a bill created to allocate $100,000,000 for a mars exploration project. As this is a "money" bill, he could give the draft to a member of the House of Representatives. He can also make it clear that the bill is a priority. He cannot do anything more then that. He cannot make "legislation". If the bill passes the House & is approved by the Senate, then the President can sign the bill into law.