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Colonies were necessary because the basic unit of transportation was the ship. This held a lot of material but the time of arrival could not be guaranteed. Therefore a warehouse was needed and someone to guard the warehouse and houses and so on, until you had a colony. Where camels or mules were the units of transportation you required less infrastructure and there was no need to colonise. Most European colonies arose from private traders trying to protect their warehouses from indigenous peoples and traders from other nations. At the Amboina Massacre 1623AD Dutch traders in Indonesia executed 10 English traders and a number of Japanese. Later as recompense the Dutch surrendered the trading post New Amsterdam to England. This is the origin of New York City.

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