In certain nations and cities in the US and abroad run off elections are sometimes held. This often happens because according to the rules of any particular election, a candidate may have to win a certain percentage of the votes to win the election straight out. In such cases the normally top two vote getters are set up for a run off election to determine the final winner.
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If no candidate receives a majority of votes in a primary election, a runoff election may be held between the top two candidates with the highest number of votes. This is to ensure that the winning candidate ultimately has majority support. Runoff elections are common in many states and are typically held a few weeks after the initial primary election. The candidate who receives the most votes in the runoff election is declared the winner.
Run-off election - A second election conducted by the National Labor Relations Board in which no choice receives a majority of the ballots in the first poll. The run-off allows a selection between the choices receiving the largest and second largest number of votes cast in the original balloting.Source: http://www.labor-studies.org/glossary.phpwhere it is provided that a candidate must reach a bare minimum %,the top vote getters have a "run off" election
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Not in the US- presidential election were held in 2004 and 2008 the next one will be in 2012. (The year of a presidential election is always a multiple of 4 .)
Iowa is the first caucus, which is held in January.