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Originally the Roman Republic was small. It comprised just Rome and territories in the region nearby. Over the course of some 400 years it greatly expanded. Much of Rome's imperial expansion occurred during the Republican period. It took over most of the areas around the Mediterranean Sea and comprised parts of western Europe, south-eastern Europe, western Asia and North Africa. It took over Italy and its islands (Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica), Portugal, most of Spain, the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, Albania, Greece, Cyprus, western Turkey and part of central Turkey, Syria, the coast of Libya and eastern Algeria, Tunisia, and Gaul (France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Holland south of the River Rhine and Germany west of the Rhine).

The Roman Republic also had a number of client states (states which were independent, but subordinated to Rome): Thrace (most of Bulgaria plus north-eastern Greece), Lycia, Galatia, Pamphilia and Cappadocia in central Turkey, Armenia (in eastern Turkey), Judea and Mauretania (northern Morocco and the coast of eastern Algeria).

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