Athenian democracy, Roman Republic, Roman Empire
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Britsh Empire was the biggest the world has ever seen. Longest i think goes to the Romans. The Ancient Egyptian empire lasted the longest, but it was not the most powerful empire, nor the largest in size. It lasted for over 3000 years. There is some debate as to whether Ancient Egypt could truly be said to be an empire as it did not expand in the sense that later empires did. This remains a matter of considerable debate. Egyptians lasted longest British were the biggest Mongolian had the biggest mainland The Roman empire was most stable, first large-scale democracy and first republic. Best rags-to-riches story ever too. China had the biggest population The Athenian City-state invented democracy but was always tiny. Sumerian City-states were the first civilization ever.
The Roman Empire existed from 27 BC - 476 AD in the West and285-1453 AD in the East. The Roman Republic predated the Roman Empire by about 500 years.
Julius Caesar overthrew he senate and started the Roman Empire. Augustus Caesar, Julius' grand-nephew, was the first emperor.
This is a confusing question. First please remember that Rome was already an empire under the republic. What is erroneously called the "Roman empire" is the Principate. The government of the republic was by popular election while the government of the principate was by appointment. Both forms of government used the senate as a consulting body.
Ancient Greeks faced problems of many kinds in their effort to survive and to thrive. Natural hardships such as disease, famine, and weather vicissitudes had to be faced. Competition from their neighbors within Greek civilization (rival city-states and alliances) as well as overseas threats from the aggressive empire of Persia were other problems.