Things varied with time an place, but in England, the general usage was that if a village got to the point that it had a person who was a permanent officer, such as a mayor, then it was no longer a village, but a town. That being the case, English villages did not have mayors.
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Grim, smelly, overrun with rats, no sanitation, muddy streets, completely foul, and cities and towns were not a lot better.
Medieval villages were settlements big enough to support a church. The population of such a place might typically have been around 200 to 500 people. A village would often have a baker, a miller (who might also have been the baker), a blacksmith, and other people engaged in crafts, but would not have a market, because having a permanent market required a charter, which would make the village into a town.
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The medieval economy is driven by farming, and wealth was generally tied to the control of land. This type of economy is known as an agrarian economy. It is estimated that around 90% of the population lived in small villages and engaged primarily in activities such as farming, raising animals, gardening, tending orchards, and to a lesser extent fishing.
Travel was by foot for the residents of a village. The Lord of the Manor would be the only one with access to horses. Some of the villagers and local farmers would travel to neighbhouring villages on market days for trade, but travel generally was limited. This is how local accents came about in places like the UK. Each village had their own form of the language because of the isolation.