The office of the dictator was not created to contribute to the balance and stability of the Roman Republic. It was created to respond to military emergencies when Rome came under attack.
The dictator was an extraordinary officer of state. The term dictator did not have the negative connotation it has now and did not imply despotism. The dictator was appointed by one of the consuls (the two annually elected heads of the Republic) at times of emergency with a very specific mandate which was established by senatorial decree. His term of office was six months. Usually he was appointed to deal with a military emergency when there was a need for the army to be commanded by one man (normally the two annually elected consuls were both commanders of the army) or by a man with better military leaderships skills. During the Second Punic War eight men were appointed for the purpose of holding the election of the next consuls (Comitiorum habendorum causa) and one man was appointed for the purpose of enrolling new senators (Senatus legendi causa) when many of them died at the battle of Cannae. Prior to the Second Punic War a dictator had been appointed to hold the election of the consuls twelve times. One dictator was appointed to suppress a rebellion (Seditionis sedandae causa).
As an extraordinary officer of state, the dictator was not legally liable for his actions and had an absolute authority which went beyond that of the consuls who were ordinary officers of state and had legal liability for their actions after their term of office. A dictator could overrule or depose and sentence to death other officers of state. He could rule by decree and change any law, but these lasted only for his term of office. He could also issue new laws without the popular assembly's vote, but these were usually put through a vote. He could punish without trial and was exempt from appeal. He could act without consulting the senate, but he usually did.
The practice of appointing a dictator for a military purpose was stopped (with the exception of two instances in the second Punic war) after the wars in Italy and Rome's expansion which followed these because it was feared that a man with such great power would be dangerous if he was far from Rome. It was replaced by the Senatus consultum ultimum, a senatorial emergency decree that allowed the consuls to act as they saw fit and, at times, and to re-elect the same consul if the emergency was protracted, as with Gaius Marius who was elected consul five consecutive times (105-100 BC) to deal with barbarian invasions.
The only exception to the rule that there could only one dictator was in 216 BC after the battle of Cannae during the Second Punic War. Marcus Fabius Buteo was appointed dictator with the mentioned mandate of enrolling new senators. He was appointed because he was the oldest surviving former censor (an officer of state who kept the roll of senators and enrolled new senators). He resigned as soon as he finished revising the roll and enlisting the new senators. The other dictator, Marcus Junius Pera, was appointed with the mandate to fight Hannibal's army and served the full six months of this office.
There were only two exceptions to the six month term of office. Sulla was appointed dictator (legibus faciendis et reipublicae constituendae causa, (for the making of laws and the settling of the constitution) at the end of his civil war against Marius (82 B.C.) with an unspecified term of office. He had thousands of his political opponents executed and resigned after one year. This gave the Dictatorship a bad name. In 53 B.C., the senate, mindful of Sulla' precedent, appointed Pompey sole consul instead of dictator, to deal with domestic unrest. This made him accountable for his actions at the end of his office. Julius Caesar was appointed dictator four times. The second time he held the office for one year, the third time he was given a 10-year term and the fourth time he was appointed for life.
They set up a "confederation." That is a sort of treaty arrangement between the 13 constituent republics. Most government was the local responsibility of each of the 13, with only a few powers ceded to the united government. The first confederation was replaced by a "federal" republic with a stronger but still limited center, outlined in the Constitution of 1787. The idea here was to balance power between the States and the center, so that public opinion could weigh in on the balance and prevent either from getting out of hand. Our government of today is far different than the one outlined in that Constitution. The civil war established the power of the central government to hold the Union together by force, while the 17th Amendment removed State government representation in the Senate. The "New Deal" completed the process. Now, every detail of American life can be and is regulated from Washington. James Madison called this sort of government a "consolidated" republic which he though inferior for lack of the balance mentioned earlier.
They had both. At the beginning of the city they were ruled by kings , they overthrew the kings and formed the republic which in turn was replaced by the emperors. To add more information here as a minor edit, for almost 500 years before the principate of the first emperor, Augustus Caesar, the republic mentioned above was the government of ancient Rome. In speaking about such a long period of time, the Roman republic altered itself to meet the demands of the times. The republic was basically a system where the balance of governing powers was shared by a Senate, a popular Assembly, and elected Consuls to execute policies and recommend new ones. For most of the time under the republic, wealthy senators held sway over public policies. The time of the republic was a complex system and ever changing. Under the laws of the republic, at times of critical problems for Rome, a person could be named "dictator" under the belief that one man rule was at times the fastest and best way to protect the republic. No time could be spared by having issues of major importance be a debate . This office of dictator was one of brevity so one man could not dominate the government for too long a time. Just prior to the beginnings of the "emperor" period, other government constructions were made such as the two Triumvirates where three highly respected leaders shared in the rule of Rome.
Ah, the Roman Republic, what a fascinating time in history. One of the pros was the shared power among different branches of government, promoting balance and fairness. However, as the Republic grew, conflicts arose, leading to power struggles and eventually the downfall of this noble system. Remember, even in challenges, there is always beauty to be found.
Leaders tried to keep a balance of power in Europe.
Ancient Rome Government The Roman government (in its entire history from founding to fall) was a strange mix of a democracy and a republic. An interesting fact ist that the people of Rome took many of their ideas of government from the Ancient Greeks. The Roman state was described as the republic (respublica) and its consuls, or chief magistrates, continued to be appointed even after the establishment of one-man rule under the empire, but in its pure form it lasted only until the beginning of the first century B.C. At the creation of the republic, supreme power probably resided with a popular assembly, but early on the Senate became very influential, and the traditional formula, which survived for centuries, was S.P.Q.R. - Senatus Populusque Romanus - the Roman Senate and People acting together. Since the Ancient Romans did not want one man to make all of the laws, they decided to balance the power of the government between three branches, there was first the executive branch, then the legislative branch, and finally the judicial branch. What about the kings who were chucked out whern the republic was created? Ok - Like most states and social organizations in the classical urban world, Rome was originally ruled by absolute monarchs and a few prominent families. These kings were foreign, Etruscans from the north of Italy, though the local aristocracy was both foreign and local. During the 700-300's B.C., the Etruscan civilization declined through invasion, depopulation and migration, and their various city-states ceases to be independent. Unfortunately for historians, the Etruscan language disappeared, and even classical historians lamented this loss, as many records and inscriptions were now indecipherable. However, many placenames and family names remained, and north-central Italy is still called Tuscany today.
Toes help with balance by providing stability and proprioceptive feedback when standing and walking. They spread out and grip the ground to help maintain balance, especially on uneven surfaces. Strong and flexible toe muscles contribute to overall stability and support in maintaining an upright posture.
True. The center of gravity is the point where all the body's mass is concentrated. It does not contribute directly to individual stability, but rather influences how the body must position itself to maintain balance. Other factors, such as the base of support and the line of gravity, play a more direct role in stability.
Balance refers to the ability to maintain an upright position while stability refers to the ability to resist forces that may disturb that position. Both are important for proper movement and coordination in various activities. Exercises focused on improving balance and stability can help prevent falls and injuries.
Balance refers to the ability to maintain a steady position while stability refers to the resistance to overturning or sinking. Balance involves coordination of body parts, while stability relates to the overall structure or base of support. Improving balance helps prevent falls, while enhancing stability can prevent structural collapse or swaying.
B. stability
Public Finance Balance of Smoking in the Czech Republic was created in 2001.
how understanding of the interrelation ships among living things contribute to balance of nature
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