At the end if the Middle Ages, the strongest countries in Western Europe were probably England, France, and Spain. In Eastern Europe, the strongest was the Ottoman Empire, though much of it was in Asia.
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The strongest civilizing force in Europe during the early Middle Ages was the Church.
Vikings
Torture continued throughout the middle ages, and only began to disappear during the Eighteenth Century. The US Military and many other countries still use it.
There was no explorers in the middle ages. When exploration started that is when the middle ages ended.
Before the middle ages was Anquity (Greeks and Romans) and after the middle ages was the Renissance