Most of the music from the Early Middle Ages is plainsong or chant.
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Guido d'Arezzo wrote a treatise on music called Micrologus, which is regarded as the second most widely distributed treatise on the subject in the later Middle Ages. But I think the work that would have a name translated as The Fundamentals of Music would have to be de Musica, which was written by Boethius.
No, the Middle Ages was filled with music and the ancient world also had music.
As a class, minstrels were most important. Early on, they were simply called bards. Later, they were called minstrels, troubadours, jongleurs, minnesingers, and by other names. They continued to be important through most of the period. Musicians in Churches were of a different type. They included organists, choristers, and other musicians. While the Church was of central importance in the Middle Ages, and composers of sacred music were the most important theorists, they were not as generally important as bards. There were a number of important individuals in music. Choosing the most important is pretty much a matter of taste. There is a link below.
They listened to some Wu-Tang Clan and the rest is history.
The influence of the Roman Catholic Church in the Middle Ages was a major factor in art and science. The Church had a tendency to stifle science while encouraging religious art.