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What was early surgery like in the middle ages?
"People" did not perform surgery, but some physicians and some monastic infirmaries certainly attempted various surgical procedures.Evidence associated with monastic infirmaries includes the removal of part of a mis-shapen heel bone, which had been sawn off and discarded in a drain, and a knee joint that had been repaired with small plates of copper. In the first of these cases, the drain also contained poppy seeds, indicating that poppy juice may have been administered as an anaesthetic.Lay surgeons (called medici at the time) would cut open some types of wound or ailment; or used physical manipulation (in the setting of fractures or dislocated bones); or applied various forms of remedy externally, such as poultices and dressings. Cauterization was commonplace, involving the application of hot irons of various shapes to seal wounds and arteries. Special pliers were devised to help extract barbed arrowheads by flattening the barbs.The scope of surgery was limited and the variety of techniques were limited - blood poisoning, for example (a common condition at the time) could not be treated and generally resulted in a long, slow, painful death.Most ordinary folk could not afford to pay for the services of a medicus, so their patients tended to be members of the aristocracy or wealthy craftsmen and merchants.
How did that quality show in roman engineering architecture and philosopher?
The quality of Roman engineering was superb. The Romans are famous for their aqueducts, bridges and stone paved roads. The latter consisted of ditches dug to the rock bed, filled with rubble and gravel up to 1 metre from the surface and paved with rectangular or polygonal stone of lava slabs embedded in a layer of coarse concrete and a layer of fine concrete. The Romans effected what historians have called the Roman or concrete architectural revolution, which was based on the large scale use of concrete, the simple (barrel) arch and the vaulted arch (vault). They invented a type of concrete which was as strong as modern concrete and which also set underwater. It was less fluid than modern concrete and had to be layered by hand. It was cheaper than using stone to build walls and it could be layered by unskilled workers and much more quickly. It could be moulded into shapes by using formwork. The Romans were the first to fully appreciate the strong load bearing capacity of the arch and to make large and monumental ones to to use them expensively. The same applies to the vault, whose load bearing capacity is even stronger and whose structure is suited for large roofs. Arches and vaults were built mostly in concrete, even though the Romans still built masonry ones occasionally. The Romans built groin vaults, which consist of two barrel vaults intersected at right angles which create four curving surfaces that draw the eye up and toward the center. Thee three elements enabled the Romans to build very large buildings and to go beyond the post and lintel system of Greek architecture. The Romans also used the arch to build arched bridged which could be built much longer and could cross much wider rivers and valleys than before. In philosophy the Romans adopted the two main schools of Greek philosophy of their time: Stoicism and Epicureanism. Epicurean philosophers were Lucilius Balbus, Amafinius, Catius Rabirius, and Lucretius. Stoic philosophers were Cicero, Cato the Younger Seneca, Musonius Rufus, Annaeus Cornutus, and the emperor Marcus Aurelius. An important skepticist philosopher was Sextus Empiricus. Plutarch was a Platonist.
Why are arches an important contribution to architecture and its advancement?
The biggest feature of Roman architecture is what historians call the Roman architectural revolution or concrete revolution. This involved the extensive use of concrete, the barrel arch and the vaulted arch. Although the Romans were not the first in history to use concrete, they developed a type of concrete (opus caementicium) which was as resistant as modern concrete and which also set underwater (and therefore could be used to build docks for ports, dams, aqueducts and bridges). It was less fluid than modern concrete and had to be layered by hand. It was made by mixing a volcanic rock called pozzolana (which is named after Pozzuoli, a suburb of Naples) with lime and adding rubble from stones, bricks or pottery shreds as aggregates which added body to it. Concrete had technical and practical advantages. It was exceptionally strong and could span great distances when shaped into arches, vaults and domes as it could be moulded. It was layered into a formwork and it took the shape of its container. It did not require skilled labour and therefore was cheaper. It was much faster for construction than laborious masonry walls. It was safer because concrete-vaulted roofing was fireproof, unlike the wooden-beamed roofs of traditional construction methods. With this revolution the potential of the previously little used arch, vault, and dome was fully exploited for the first time. The Etruscans are said to have invented the simple (barrel) arch. The oldest example of the vaulted arch has been found in the Greek city of Pergamon (in western Turkey). The vaulted arch came into two forms: the groin arch was formed with two to four intersecting barrel arches and the rib arch, where the intersecting barrels were not of the same diameter. The Romans were first to fully appreciate the advantages of the arch and the vault. The arch has a strong load- bearing capacity. The vault has an even greater load bearing capacity and its structure is suited to support large roofs. Their construction in concrete made them easier to build and even stronger. This led to the use larger and monumental arches and vaults on a grand scale. However, the Romans did not abandon masonry arches and vaults. Concrete and the arch and the vault were the three elements which enabled the Romans to go beyond the use of Greek methods of enclosing space by the use of cut-stone and post-and-beam or post-and-lintel structures. They became essential for large buildings and roofs. They were used to build large buildings, such as basilicas (public buildings) amphitheatres (arenas), theatres, baths, circuses (racing tracks) domes, forts and fortifications, bridges, aqueducts, and dams. They also made it possible to build bridges which were much longer than before and could cross much wider rivers and valleys.
How did the Romans build their roads?
The Romans put layers on top of layers to build their roads... and they even had sidewalks!! The layers go like this: 1.Sand and dirt which was piled on the ground once the builders checked that the ground was level. 2.Crushed rock was layered on top of the sand. 3.Gravel in cement mortar was placed on top of that. 4.Cemented sand and gravel. 5.Large stone slabs that fit together so well, you can barely see cracks. On the side, there was a drainage ditch, and a sidewalk. The builders were either slaves, or plebeians (low or middle class people). Answer They used layers of soil, rock and cobblestone. The width was the same as a chariot. You can see examples of Roman roads that exist to this day in Italy and England.
What architectural element was perfected by the Romans and enabled them to build public buildings such as the Pantheon?
There were three elements, not one. The Romans effected what historians call the Roman architectural revolution or concrete revolution. This involved the extensive use of concrete, the barrel (simple) arch and the vaulted arch. These three elements enabled the Romans to go beyond Greek methods of construction which used cut-stone and post-and-beam or post-and-lintel structures. They became essential for large roofs and large buildings, such as basilicas (public buildings) amphitheatres (arenas), theatres, baths, domes and forts and fortifications. They also made it possible to build bridges which were much longer than before and could cross much wider rivers and valleys. Prior to the Romans concrete was hardly used. The Romans were the first to made large scale use of it. They developed a type of concrete (opus caementicium) which was as resistant as modern concrete. It also set underwater and therefore could be used to build docks for ports, dams and bridges. It was less fluid than modern concrete and had to be layered by hand. It was made with a mortar made by mixing a volcanic rock called pozzolana (which is named after Pozzuoli, a suburb of Naples) with lime. Rubble from stones, bricks or pottery sherdrs were added as aggregates which added body to it. Concrete had technical and practical advantages. It was exceptionally strong. it could be moulded and could span great distances when shaped into arches, vaults and domes. It was layered into a formwork and it took the shape of its container. It did not require skilled labour and therefore was cheaper.. It was much faster for construction than laborious masonry walls. It was safer because concrete vaulted roofing was fireproof, unlike the wooden-beamed roofs of traditional post-and-lintel construction methods. The potential of the previously very little used arch and vault, were also fully exploited for the first time. The Romans were the first to fully appreciate the advantage of these structures and make large scale use of them. The Etruscans are thought to have invented the simple (barrel) arch. The oldest example of the vaulted arch has been found in the Greek city of Pergamon (in western Turkey). The (simple, barrel) arch has a strong load- bearing capacity and was useful to build large walls without using the post-and-lintel method and to build bridges which were much longer than ever before. The vault (vaulted arch) has an even greater load-bearing capacity and its structure is suited to support large roofs. Their construction in concrete made them easier to build and even stronger. This led to the use larger and monumental arches and vaults on a grand scale. However, the Romans did not abandon masonry arches and vaults. The vaulted arch came into two forms: the groin arch is formed by two to four intersecting barrel (simple) arches and the rib arch, where the intersecting arches were of different diameter.
What is the differences between wrought and sawn formwork?
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Define ''striking''as regards to formwork?
It is dismantling formwork once concrete is sufficiently hard.
How many ways is wood cut?
3 ways Plain Sawn, Quarter Sawn and Rift Sawn
What is a wrot formwork?
Wrot Formwork is fair finish surfaces made up of steel or iron. Formwork is when wooden boards and bolts are used to shape concrete while it is setting.
What does the website formwork offer?
There are quite a number of different products and services being offered by the formwork website. They offer different types of formwork such as PERI, MEVA, TITAN, and DOKA.
What is pile cap formwork?
Pile cap formwork is the formwork built to mold the concrete that binding together the pile or group of piles and the structure supported by the piles such as structure's foundation or column.
How do you calculae the bill quantity of formwork?
To calculate the bill quantity of formwork, you would need to determine the total surface area of the formwork required for the project. This involves calculating the area of all the different shapes and sizes of formwork needed, such as walls, slabs, and columns. You would then multiply these surface areas by the unit rate of formwork to get the bill quantity.
What is the term sawn?
Past tense of the word saw. The board was sawn in two.
What is the meaning of formwork in civil engineering?
Formwork is used for the shaping of concrete structures to aid in the hardening phase of conrete.
How to use Navigating Formwork Fittings and Their Practical Usage and Benefits?
The specialized tools and equipment known as formwork fittings are used in combination with formwork systems. They are sometimes referred to as formwork accessories or components. Formwork fittings play an important function in construction projects, in addition to their structural relevance. They haveseveralf advantages, including cost-effectiveness, efficiency, and sustainability. This blog explores how these fittings contribute to these qualities.
What is the meaning of wrought formwork in construction?
to achieve fair finish surfaces, use wrought formwork made up of steel or iron
The differences between kicker and kickerless formwork?
the only difference is for the next pour of concrete your formwork should be on a perfectly set layout. You dont have a STARTER to place your formwork against, so more precision is required for the next lift of concrete.
