They used protective suits made of leather with a mask with a long nose full of flowers, coz they belived the plague was caused by bad smells.
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the black plague
Many of them were not really doctors, but Black Death doctors that went around doing blood lettind while trying to cure the Plague.
Medieval Europe cannot be said to have gone 'into decline' at any point. The only major incident to seriously weaken medieval Europe was the outbreak of the Black Death (the plague) in the 14th century, since this carried off about 150 million people in all; depending on which country in Europe you look at, between 20 and 80 percent of the population
There were a long list of diseases with fever as a symptom that could kill a person in medieval times. Perhaps the best known was the Black Plague, which spread through nearly all of Europe during the period of 1346 to 1352. It kill huge numbers of people, perhaps half the people in Europe. It was so deadly that it changed European society profoundly, contributing the the end of serfdom and, eventually, the medieval era.
The plague that attacked the lungs was the pneumonic plague, a particularly devastating form of the bubonic plague. There is a link below.