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What was the effect of the Roman leaders paying poor people to serve in the army?
Wiki User
∙ 7y ago
The Marian reform which abolished the property threshold for the military draft, abolished conscription and made joining the army voluntary and open to the landless poor was not a proper institutional reform. Faced with a war and a shortage of recruits, Marius just recruited anyone regardless of whether they owned land or not. This did away the system of drafting farmers who had small holdings and went back to their farms at the end of the military campaigning season. You no longer had to own land to join. The army became a career path for the masses of the landless urban unemployed. It gave them a sense of belonging and of being taken care of which they did not have in the city. It also gave them a pay and a sort of pension: plot of land to farm on discharge.
An important aspect of the change is that it did not put in place a new system of state-controlled recruitment. Therefore, this was in the hands of military commanders who needed soldiers. Since they were usually rich they could afford to raise an army and fund its expenses and the pay of the soldiers. If they did not have enough money, they could fund this trough the spoils of war. Moreover, the soldiers often spent long periods of time away from Rome (not being tied to land to farm they could be enlisted for longer periods of time), a city in which they did not have a stake. As a result, the soldiers developed a sense of loyalty for their commanders, rather than the Roman state.
The Roman commanders were able to use their army to obtain what they wanted through the treat of the use of military violence. An example of this was in 71 BC, when Crassus and Pompey camped their troops outside Rome to have themselves elected as consuls (the two annually elected heads of the Republic). Pompey was not even eligible on the grounds of being below the required age and of not having served some public offices which were required before the consulship. Disputes between strong men and between opposing political factions developed into civil wars. In the last 64 years of the Republic there were 12 civil wars. This also involved the opposing sides levying legions of their own. During the first civil war between Sulla and Marius supporters of Sulla recruited armies around Italy to fight for him. In 88 BC Sulla entered the city of Rome with his troops, even though Roman religion forbade the bearing of arms within the city walls. Julius Cesar was in charge of four legions when he became governor. He raised six more legions on his own to fight his Gallic Wars in which he conquered Gaul. Caesar then seized power in Rome though his military strength. When he fought his civil wars against the forces of the senate he levied more troops. In total he raised 28 legions.
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∙ 7y ago
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