Holy Roman Empire
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In Italy most of its city-states ceased to be republics and power was taken over by the personal rule of lords. Most city-states became lordships (signorie). In the rest of Europe the monarchies were consolidating their power. Previously kings were challenged by the aristocracy. In this period the monarchies developed strong central bureaucracies which strengthened the kings' control over their kingdoms.
A group of people in Italy, Florence. It was an age for new ideas to the Europeans.
Vikings
The Renaissance
They emphasized individual achievement instead of group achievement.